Introduction
As one of the core devices in an SMT production line, the operational efficiency and placement accuracy of a SMT machine directly impact the quality and output of the entire production line. Among the numerous components of a SMT machine, the SMT suction nozzle is the critical execution component responsible for precisely picking up and placing components. Improper nozzle selection not only affects placement quality but may also cause component damage, placement misalignment, or even equipment malfunctions.
This article will systematically explain how to reasonably match SMT machine nozzles with different components, helping SMT pick and place machine manufacturers optimize configurations to enhance production efficiency and yield rates.
I. The Function and Basic Structure of Nozzles
1. Function of Nozzles
- Vacuum Suction: Generates negative pressure through the airflow system to adhere components to the tip of the nozzle.
- Precise Positioning: Collaborates with the vision system to perform component center alignment and angle adjustment.
- Stable Release: Releases the negative pressure at the placement position to accurately place the component at the designated location.
2. Basic Structure of the Nozzle
- Main Body: The nozzle main body is typically made of hard alloy or ceramic materials, which offer high hardness and wear resistance to ensure stability and precision during prolonged use. The main body shape is designed based on the component’s shape and size to achieve optimal pickup performance.
- Vacuum suction hole: The vacuum suction hole located at the bottom of the nozzle body is the key component for generating negative pressure. When the nozzle approaches the electronic component, the vacuum suction hole generates negative pressure through the connected vacuum pump, firmly adhering the component to the nozzle. The size and shape of the vacuum suction hole are also adjusted according to the characteristics of the component to ensure stable and reliable adhesion.
- Spring: The spring is installed at the top of the nozzle and serves as a buffer and shock absorber. During the process of picking up and placing components, the spring absorbs impact forces to protect the nozzle and components from damage. Additionally, the spring can adjust the working height of the nozzle to accommodate components of different thicknesses.
II. Classification of Pick and Place Machine Nozzles
Depending on different criteria, pick-and-place machine nozzles can be classified into various types. Common classification methods are as follows:
1. Classification by capacity
- High-speed nozzle: Specifically designed for small components such as 0201 and 0402-sized chips, featuring high speed and precision.
- Universal nozzle: Suitable for picking up larger-sized or irregularly shaped components, though slower in speed, it offers strong adaptability.
2. Classification by material
- Tungsten Steel Nozzles: Tungsten steel nozzles are durable and long-lasting, but they tend to whiten over time. Those who don’t mind the hassle, or newcomers to SMT, can choose tungsten steel nozzles. If they whiten, simply apply an oil-based marker to continue using them.
- Ceramic Nozzles: Ceramic nozzles never whiten, but they are brittle and prone to breaking. Careful use can help avoid or reduce breakage.
- Diamond steel suction nozzles: These are sturdy, easy to use, and never discolor, but they are very expensive and offer poor cost-effectiveness.
- Rubber-tipped suction nozzles: These are suitable for use when the surface of the component is uneven or the component is sticky. However, rubber-tipped suction nozzles have a short lifespan. It is recommended to purchase extra rubber tips when ordering rubber-tipped suction nozzles. When the tip wears out, you can simply replace it with a new rubber tip.
3. Classification by shape and size
- Round nozzles: The most commonly used, suitable for most standard components.
- Flat nozzles: Suitable for large-sized or thin components.
- Multi-hole nozzles: Used for large components or multi-point adhesion to improve stability.
- Custom-shaped nozzles: Customized design, suitable for components with special shapes.
III. Core Principles for Nozzle Selection
1. Matching component size and weight
The suction area and airflow control capability of the nozzle must match the size and weight of the component. Nozzles that are too large or too small will affect suction performance, leading to component slippage or damage.
2. Adaptation to component surface characteristics
Different component surface materials (e.g., glass, metal, plastic) have varying requirements for suction force. For example, highly reflective components require higher vacuum levels to ensure stable suction.
3. Precision and placement speed requirements
High speed pick and place machines require nozzles with rapid response capabilities, while high-precision placement requires nozzles equipped with precision positioning slots or visual assistance structures.
4. Material compatibility and service life
For production lines that frequently change products, it is recommended to use durable and easy-to-clean nozzle materials, such as ceramic or stainless steel, to extend service life and reduce maintenance costs.
IV. Nozzle matching recommendations for different types of components
The following are several common component types and their recommended nozzle selection strategies:
1. Chip Components (Resistors, Capacitors)
Characteristics: Small size, light weight, high quantity.
Recommended Nozzles:
Small-diameter circular nozzles (φ0.5–1.2 mm)
Stainless steel or ceramic materials
Notes:
Control vacuum pressure between -60 and 80 kPa.
Regularly clean the inner walls of the nozzle to prevent blockages.
2. QFP Components
Characteristics: Fine-pitch pins, high assembly precision requirements.
Recommended nozzles:
Nozzles with positioning slots to prevent component misalignment.
Multi-hole nozzles to enhance adhesion stability.
Ceramic material can be selected to reduce static interference.
Notes:
Use a high-resolution vision system for positioning assistance.
Avoid scratching the pins with the nozzle edges.
3. BGA Components
Features: Bottom consists of ball arrays, prone to deformation under pressure.
Recommended Nozzles:
Flat or vacuum chamber nozzles.
Focus on central adhesion to avoid edge pressure.
Recommend using flexible materials or cushioning structures.
Notes:
Control adhesion force to prevent ball deformation.
The nozzle diameter should be slightly larger than the BGA chip body.
4. Irregular-shaped components (connectors, sensors, relays, etc.)
Features: Irregular shapes and unstable centers of gravity.
Recommended nozzles:
Customized irregular-shaped nozzles.
Multi-point suction or multiple nozzle combinations.
Vacuum + mechanical clamping dual-mode nozzles can be used.
Notes:
Consider the component’s center of gravity distribution during design.
Multiple tests are required to confirm the optimal suction position.
5. LED chips/optical components
Features: Smooth surface, strong reflectivity, prone to scratches.
Recommended nozzles:
Soft rubber or silicone nozzles
Design with anti-slip patterns
Control suction pressure at a low level.
Notes:
Avoid scratching the light-emitting surface with the nozzle edge.
Keep the nozzle clean to prevent dust contamination of the optical surface.
V. Common misconceptions and countermeasures in nozzle selection
1. Misconception that “universal nozzles” are versatile
Although some manufacturers offer so-called “universal” nozzles, in actual application, universal nozzles often fail to meet the performance requirements of all component types. It is recommended to establish a nozzle library based on product types and establish a standardized selection process.
2. Neglecting nozzle maintenance and replacement cycles
Nozzles are consumable parts that may experience wear, blockages, or other issues after prolonged use. It is recommended to establish a regular inspection system, use a pressure gauge to monitor changes in nozzle vacuum pressure, and promptly replace aged components.
3. Blindly pursuing low-cost nozzles
Low-quality nozzles may cause poor adhesion, component dropout, or even equipment damage. It is recommended to select high-quality nozzles from original manufacturers or certified suppliers to ensure production stability.
Conclusion
Although small, SMT suction nozzles play an irreplaceable role in SMT production. Proper nozzle selection not only improves placement accuracy and efficiency but also significantly reduces equipment wear and rework rates. For SMT pick and place machine manufacturers, establishing a comprehensive nozzle selection system that integrates component characteristics and equipment parameters is a critical step in developing high-performance SMT solutions.
We hope this article provides practical guidance for SMT professionals, helping businesses stand out in the competitive market.
Company profile
Zhejiang NeoDen Technology Co., LTD., founded in 2010, is a professional manufacturer specialized in SMT pick and place machine, reflow oven, stencil printing machine, SMT production line and other SMT Products. We have our own R & D team and own factory, taking advantage of our own rich experienced R&D, well trained production, won great reputation from the world wide customers.
We believe that great people and partners make NeoDen a great company and that our commitment to Innovation, Diversity and Sustainability ensures that SMT automation is accessible to every hobbyist on everywhere.
Post time: Jul-02-2025